Paul,
I tryed to attach the text below to the first posting on this topic and
something bizarre happened so I have just cut and pasted it this time.
Hope it is useful
Andrew Cowan
IVY - FRIEND OR FOE
The issue of ivy and trees is one of those matters where it is all down to
personal opinion. To some, it is a pernicious weed that smothers the natural
form of trees and on which constant war must be waged. To others, it is an
essential part of the wildlife habitat, providing shelter and food for a
diverse range of different organisms. In reality, it will all depend on
where and under what circumstances the tree is growing. Context is the key
word here, and what might be fine in the middle of woodland may not be so
desirable in formal parkland or a residential front garden.
Ivy is very well adapted to living in woodland, which represents it’s
natural
habitat. It’s growth characteristics enable it to survive where light
levels
are low, on the ground and up trunks of trees whose dense foliage shade the
woodland floor. Ivy’s attributes of shade tolerance and evergreen foliage
have proved invaluable in our gardens, where it has been used for attractive
evergreen coverings for north facing walls and to provide ground cover in
dark corners. Although the common ivy Hedera helix appears the most
frequent, a variety of cultivars and other species are available for
horticultural use.
Hedera helix, is the only native British evergreen climbing shrub. It has a
habit known as dimorphism, whereby two forms occur within the same species.
The juvenile growth, with its characteristic lobed ‘ivy shaped’ leaves,
is
adapted to living in low light conditions and is found creeping along the
ground or climbing up walls and tree; while as the plant matures, it can
throw out bushy branches and flowering shoots with very different, elliptical
leaves (lanceilate to ovate). This adult form will only develop where the
light conditions allow, and it is mostly found on the climbing section of the
plant, only rarely on the ground.
Ivy has a very bad reputation and it is commonly thought that it kills trees.
Contrary to popular belief, ivy is not parasitic and does not directly
affect the health of the trees it climbs. Unlike true parasitic plants,
(such as mistletoe, whose roots tap directly into the resources of the host
plant) ivy has its feeding roots anchored in the ground and simply uses the
tree as a support to get to where it wants to go. The masses of tiny,
hair-like roots sprouting from the under surface of the stems, are simply
designed to provide support and allow the plant to climb. Although these
roots provide almost immovable adhesion to the rough surfaces of tree trunks
and walls, they are not used for feeding, and at worst only penetrate the
outermost layer of bark on host trees.
It is primarily in terms of competition for natural resources that ivy
affects the health of trees, particularly where light is concerned. If ivy
has become established on a tree, it is more likely to be a sign of stress
than a cause of it. A heavy infestation of ivy, particularly in the upper
crown, is usually an indication that the tree is in a natural state of
decline; most healthy crowns will let insufficient light through for the ivy
to grow vigorously. Ash, Fraxinus excelsior, is an exception as the crown
tends to be thin and open. This allows major infestations to occur, thereby
restricting photosynthesis, but it is still unlikely that the life of a
healthy tree will be shortened. In the case of a diseased or dying tree,
where the it’s growth rate and vigour may be slow or in decline, the
ivy’s
more vigorous growth allow it to smother the tree. The bushy adult growth
will then have a tendency to make the tree top heavy, making it more likely
to fall, particularly during adverse weather conditions.
One of the most important aspects when contemplating the removal of ivy from
a mature tree, is its enormous wildlife value. The dense mass of foliage and
intertwining stems around the trunks of trees, provide shelter for birds to
build their nests, and dark nooks and crannies where bats can roost through
the day. In Autumn, ivy flowers are an important source of pollen and nectar
for wasps, butterflies, bees and a hose of fly species. Over winter, ivy
protects woodland soils from full snow cover and frost. This enables ground
foraging birds such as blackbirds, robins, dunnocks and thrushes to continue
feeding;. while a sheltered habitat is also provided for small mammals and
insects.
The berries, which ripen in March / April, have a high fat content and,
although poisonous in large quantities, they provide both native and migrant
birds with an invaluable early energy resource. Woodpigeons, starlings,
resident and migrant thrushes and newly arrived summer migrants such as blac
kcaps feed on them. Some species of invertebrate are known to feed on
the foliage of ivy, and several species of beetle bore the mature stems,
while spiders spin their webs to catch others that fly in to shelter.
It should rarely be considered necessary or appropriate to remove ivy from
trees within a woodland setting, where it is an integral part of the native
ecosystem. An experiment was carried out, from 1890-1942, where ivy was cut
on half the trees in a wood, and left to its own devices on the rest. When
the wood was felled in 1942 there appeared to be no difference in the height,
average girth or cubic content of the trees. On the other hand, in parks and
gardens where conditions have allowed it to grow unchecked, it can become
quite a problem; choking the crowns of ornamental trees, swamping less
vigorous shrubs and smothering walls and rockeries.
Although rarely a problem to the tree, a dense covering of ivy over the trunk
and throughout the crown of a mature specimen can inhibit essential safety
checks, by limiting a visual inspection of the trunk and main branches.
Where mature trees are growing in residential gardens often close to
dwellings or public open space, it is important to be able to complete
regular hazard assessments and monitor the decay of old wounds. In such
circumstances it becomes essential to remove the ivy.
From a practical viewpoint , the most effective way of removing ivy is to
cut
it near to the base of the tree. When doing this, it is necessary to remove
a section of all the stems around the entire circumference of the tree’s
trunk. Once cut from it’s roots the ivy growth, up the trunk and branches,
can be left to die on the tree, and when sufficiently dry and brittle it can
be removed. The best time to consider this work is over the winter when the
host tree is likely to be bare of leaves, and visibility while completing the
task is much improved. Very dense ivy can sometimes be used by bats to
hibernate through the winter. To avoid unnecessary disturbance of hibernating
bats it is best to cut the stems of ivy in the late summer or autumn, so the
foliage dies before the winter months. The removal of ivy during the summer
should be avoided where possible, because of it’s likely use by nesting
birds
and roosting bats.
It is an offence under the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 (as amended), to
intentionally damage or destroy a wild bird’s nest, whether in use or under
construction. The use of the ivy by bats for shelter and roosting must also
be considered. A bats roost is protected both under the Wildlife and
Countryside Act 1981 (as amended), and The Conservation (Natural Habitats
etc.) Regulations 1994, which make it an offence to damage or destroy a
breeding site or resting place of any bat, and it does not require the
offence to be intentional or deliberate. Furthermore, under an amendment
made within the Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000, it became an offence
to recklessly damage or destroy a bat roost, and it could be reckless not to
consider possible use of ivy for roosting.
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