Dear Luke,
1) Pearce
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-8137.1996.tb01842.x/abstract
1) The article was published in the same year, the Dutch version of my
Encyclopaedia of Fungi came out and I decided to refrain from integrating the
research findings in the chapters on wood degrading saprotrophic and
parasitic macrofungi for the following reasons :
- The model for "the protection and defense of xylem tissues in woody
angiosperms is largely based upon results from studies of host-pathogen
interactions in the wood of Acer pseudoplatanus", a tree species associated
with a only few of the about 140 cosmopolitan generalistic endomycorrhizal
microfungi, for which colonisation the tree roots have to compete with the
roots of grasses and most other green plants, including some other tree
species, and of which is documented, that they are less effective in
facilitating the defensive system of the tree than ectomycorrhizal macrofungi
and especially the co-evolved tree species specific symbionts are.
- On top of that, because Acer species lack ectomycorrhizal symbionts and
have just a few tree species specific parasitic and saprotrophic macrofungi
and insects, sycamores have one of the least developed tree species specific
ecosystems and a relatively short life cycle, implicating that the model can
not be applied or generalised to the far more complex tree species specific
ecosystems of tree species such as Quercus and Fagus, which respectively have
about 47 and 45 co-evolved tree species specific ectomycorrhizal symbionts
and another 91 ectomycorrhizal macrofungi shared between them, about 33 and
26 tree species specific parasitic and saprotrophic macrofungi and another 19
parasitic and saprotrophic macrofungi shared between them and about 423 and
98 tree species specific insects as part of their ecosystems, most of which
are playing a significant role in the tree species specific life cycles.
- And as my book and research will focus on endemic European tree species
associated with (tree species specific) ectomycorrhizal macrofungi, I will
again not integrate the findings of Pearce in my future publications.
2) Boddy and Rayner
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-8137.1983.tb04871.x/abstract
2) Adding to the research by Boddy and Rayner. Although both ecto- and
endomycorrhizal macro- and microfungi need 20 % more oxygen than tree roots
do to grow and survive and that's why mycorrhizae are very vulnerable for
soil compaction, there's one genus of pioneer ectomycorrhizal macrofungi that
lives and survives under (almost complete) anaerobic circumstances, the genus
Alnicola (= Naucoria), of which about 8 species are associated with Alnus, 2
with Salix and 3 species are shared between them, that have the oxygen
delivered from within by the roots they colonise.
Regards,
Gerrit
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